使用Kube-Prometheus搭建kubernetes可观测平台

在 Kubernetes 环境中，可观测性是确保集群健康和优化性能的关键因素。Kube-Prometheus 是一个强大的开源工具组合，它集成了 Prometheus、Alertmanager 和 Grafana，帮助用户全面监控 Kubernetes 集群。本篇文章将介绍如何使用 Kube-Prometheus 搭建一个 Kubernetes 可观测平台。

1. Kube-Prometheus 介绍

Kube-Prometheus 提供一套完整的 Kubernetes 监控解决方案，包括：

Prometheus: 负责收集、存储和查询指标数据。
Alertmanager: 处理报警规则并发送通知。
Grafana: 提供可视化仪表板展示监控数据。
Node Exporter & Kube State Metrics: 提供节点和 Kubernetes 资源的状态信息。

2. 安装 Kube-Prometheus

以下步骤将指导你如何在 Kubernetes 集群中部署 Kube-Prometheus：

2.1 克隆 Kube-Prometheus 仓库

bash

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git clone https://github.com/prometheus-operator/kube-prometheus.git
cd kube-prometheus

2.2 部署 CRD

Kube-Prometheus 依赖 Custom Resource Definitions (CRDs)，首先需要安装：

bash

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kubectl apply -f manifests/setup
kubectl wait --for condition=Established --timeout=60s crd --all

2.3 部署监控组件

执行以下命令安装 Prometheus、Alertmanager 和 Grafana：

bash

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kubectl apply -f manifests/

安装完成后，你可以查看相关的 Pods：

bash

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kubectl get pods -n monitoring

使用skopeo同步镜像文件

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#在manifetst目录下
 grep "image: " * -r | awk -F 'image: ' '{print $2}' > images.list
  for image in $(cat images.list); do  skopeo copy docker://${image} docker://10.7.20.12:5000/${image#*/} --insecure-policy --dest-tls-verify=false; done

3. 访问 Grafana

Grafana 是 Kube-Prometheus 默认的可视化工具，执行以下命令获取 Grafana 的访问方式：

bash

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kubectl port-forward svc/grafana 3000:3000 -n monitoring

在浏览器中访问 http://localhost:3000 并使用默认账号 admin/admin 登录。

自己根据规则生成一个dashboard

接下来点击export as json： json文件

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{
  "annotations": {
    "list": [
      {
        "builtIn": 1,
        "datasource": {
          "type": "grafana",
          "uid": "-- Grafana --"
        },
        "enable": true,
        "hide": true,
        "iconColor": "rgba(0, 211, 255, 1)",
        "name": "Annotations & Alerts",
        "type": "dashboard"
      }
    ]
  },
  "editable": true,
  "fiscalYearStartMonth": 0,
  "graphTooltip": 0,
  "id": 34,
  "links": [],
  "panels": [
    {
      "datasource": {
        "type": "prometheus",
        "uid": "P1809F7CD0C75ACF3"
      },
      "fieldConfig": {
        "defaults": {
          "color": {
            "mode": "thresholds"
          },
          "mappings": [],
          "thresholds": {
            "mode": "absolute",
            "steps": [
              {
                "color": "green"
              },
              {
                "color": "red",
                "value": 80
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "overrides": []
      },
      "gridPos": {
        "h": 8,
        "w": 12,
        "x": 0,
        "y": 0
      },
      "id": 5,
      "options": {
        "displayMode": "gradient",
        "legend": {
          "calcs": [],
          "displayMode": "list",
          "placement": "bottom",
          "showLegend": false
        },
        "maxVizHeight": 300,
        "minVizHeight": 16,
        "minVizWidth": 8,
        "namePlacement": "auto",
        "orientation": "horizontal",
        "reduceOptions": {
          "calcs": [
            "lastNotNull"
          ],
          "fields": "",
          "values": false
        },
        "showUnfilled": true,
        "sizing": "auto",
        "valueMode": "color"
      },
      "pluginVersion": "11.6.0",
      "targets": [
        {
          "editorMode": "code",
          "expr": "topk(5, rate(container_cpu_usage_seconds_total{pod!=\"\"}[5m]))",
          "legendFormat": "__auto",
          "range": true,
          "refId": "A"
        }
      ],
      "title": "Pod CPU使用量前5",
      "type": "bargauge"
    },
    {
      "datasource": {
        "type": "prometheus",
        "uid": "P1809F7CD0C75ACF3"
      },
      "fieldConfig": {
        "defaults": {
          "color": {
            "mode": "palette-classic"
          },
          "custom": {
            "axisBorderShow": false,
            "axisCenteredZero": false,
            "axisColorMode": "text",
            "axisLabel": "",
            "axisPlacement": "auto",
            "barAlignment": 0,
            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
            "drawStyle": "line",
            "fillOpacity": 0,
            "gradientMode": "none",
            "hideFrom": {
              "legend": false,
              "tooltip": false,
              "viz": false
            },
            "insertNulls": false,
            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
            "lineWidth": 1,
            "pointSize": 5,
            "scaleDistribution": {
              "type": "linear"
            },
            "showPoints": "auto",
            "spanNulls": false,
            "stacking": {
              "group": "A",
              "mode": "none"
            },
            "thresholdsStyle": {
              "mode": "off"
            }
          },
          "mappings": [],
          "thresholds": {
            "mode": "absolute",
            "steps": [
              {
                "color": "green"
              },
              {
                "color": "red",
                "value": 80
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "overrides": []
      },
      "gridPos": {
        "h": 8,
        "w": 10,
        "x": 12,
        "y": 0
      },
      "id": 6,
      "options": {
        "legend": {
          "calcs": [],
          "displayMode": "list",
          "placement": "bottom",
          "showLegend": true
        },
        "tooltip": {
          "hideZeros": false,
          "mode": "single",
          "sort": "none"
        }
      },
      "pluginVersion": "11.6.0",
      "targets": [
        {
          "editorMode": "code",
          "expr": "topk(5,sum(container_memory_usage_bytes{container=\"\",pod!=\"\"}/(1024*1024)) by (pod))",
          "legendFormat": "__auto",
          "range": true,
          "refId": "A"
        }
      ],
      "title": "Pod 内存使用MB前10",
      "type": "timeseries"
    },
    {
      "datasource": {
        "uid": "P1809F7CD0C75ACF3"
      },
      "fieldConfig": {
        "defaults": {
          "color": {
            "mode": "thresholds"
          },
          "mappings": [],
          "thresholds": {
            "mode": "absolute",
            "steps": [
              {
                "color": "green"
              },
              {
                "color": "red",
                "value": 80
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "overrides": []
      },
      "gridPos": {
        "h": 8,
        "w": 2,
        "x": 22,
        "y": 0
      },
      "id": 7,
      "options": {
        "colorMode": "value",
        "graphMode": "area",
        "justifyMode": "auto",
        "orientation": "auto",
        "percentChangeColorMode": "standard",
        "reduceOptions": {
          "calcs": [
            "lastNotNull"
          ],
          "fields": "/^\\{container=\"alertmanager\", instance=\"10\\.233\\.85\\.242:8443\", job=\"kube\\-state\\-metrics\", namespace=\"monitor\", pod=\"alertmanager\\-95f97d68f\\-d9zgl\", uid=\"e578055b\\-40cd\\-4255\\-b16e\\-fa034b947ef3\"\\}$/",
          "values": false
        },
        "showPercentChange": false,
        "textMode": "auto",
        "wideLayout": true
      },
      "pluginVersion": "11.6.0",
      "targets": [
        {
          "editorMode": "code",
          "expr": "changes(kube_pod_container_status_restarts_total[5m])",
          "legendFormat": "__auto",
          "range": true,
          "refId": "A"
        }
      ],
      "title": "5分钟内pod重启的次数",
      "type": "stat"
    },
    {
      "datasource": {
        "type": "prometheus",
        "uid": "P1809F7CD0C75ACF3"
      },
      "fieldConfig": {
        "defaults": {
          "color": {
            "mode": "palette-classic"
          },
          "custom": {
            "axisBorderShow": false,
            "axisCenteredZero": false,
            "axisColorMode": "text",
            "axisLabel": "",
            "axisPlacement": "auto",
            "barAlignment": 0,
            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
            "drawStyle": "line",
            "fillOpacity": 0,
            "gradientMode": "none",
            "hideFrom": {
              "legend": false,
              "tooltip": false,
              "viz": false
            },
            "insertNulls": false,
            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
            "lineWidth": 1,
            "pointSize": 5,
            "scaleDistribution": {
              "type": "linear"
            },
            "showPoints": "auto",
            "spanNulls": false,
            "stacking": {
              "group": "A",
              "mode": "none"
            },
            "thresholdsStyle": {
              "mode": "off"
            }
          },
          "mappings": [],
          "thresholds": {
            "mode": "absolute",
            "steps": [
              {
                "color": "green"
              },
              {
                "color": "red",
                "value": 80
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "overrides": []
      },
      "gridPos": {
        "h": 10,
        "w": 11,
        "x": 0,
        "y": 8
      },
      "id": 2,
      "options": {
        "legend": {
          "calcs": [],
          "displayMode": "list",
          "placement": "bottom",
          "showLegend": true
        },
        "tooltip": {
          "hideZeros": false,
          "mode": "single",
          "sort": "none"
        }
      },
      "pluginVersion": "11.6.0",
      "targets": [
        {
          "editorMode": "code",
          "expr": "(node_memory_MemTotal_bytes - node_memory_MemAvailable_bytes) / node_memory_MemTotal_bytes * 100",
          "legendFormat": "__auto",
          "range": true,
          "refId": "A"
        }
      ],
      "title": "节点内存平均使用率",
      "type": "timeseries"
    },
    {
      "datasource": {
        "type": "prometheus",
        "uid": "P1809F7CD0C75ACF3"
      },
      "fieldConfig": {
        "defaults": {
          "color": {
            "mode": "palette-classic"
          },
          "custom": {
            "axisBorderShow": false,
            "axisCenteredZero": false,
            "axisColorMode": "text",
            "axisLabel": "",
            "axisPlacement": "auto",
            "barAlignment": 0,
            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
            "drawStyle": "line",
            "fillOpacity": 0,
            "gradientMode": "none",
            "hideFrom": {
              "legend": false,
              "tooltip": false,
              "viz": false
            },
            "insertNulls": false,
            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
            "lineWidth": 1,
            "pointSize": 5,
            "scaleDistribution": {
              "type": "linear"
            },
            "showPoints": "auto",
            "spanNulls": false,
            "stacking": {
              "group": "A",
              "mode": "none"
            },
            "thresholdsStyle": {
              "mode": "off"
            }
          },
          "mappings": [],
          "thresholds": {
            "mode": "absolute",
            "steps": [
              {
                "color": "green"
              },
              {
                "color": "red",
                "value": 80
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "overrides": []
      },
      "gridPos": {
        "h": 10,
        "w": 13,
        "x": 11,
        "y": 8
      },
      "id": 1,
      "options": {
        "legend": {
          "calcs": [],
          "displayMode": "list",
          "placement": "bottom",
          "showLegend": true
        },
        "tooltip": {
          "hideZeros": false,
          "mode": "single",
          "sort": "none"
        }
      },
      "pluginVersion": "11.6.0",
      "targets": [
        {
          "datasource": {
            "type": "prometheus",
            "uid": "P1809F7CD0C75ACF3"
          },
          "editorMode": "code",
          "expr": "avg by (instance) (1-rate(node_cpu_seconds_total{mode=\"idle\"}[5m])) * 100",
          "legendFormat": "__auto",
          "range": true,
          "refId": "A"
        }
      ],
      "title": "节点cpu平均使用率",
      "type": "timeseries"
    },
    {
      "datasource": {
        "type": "prometheus",
        "uid": "P1809F7CD0C75ACF3"
      },
      "fieldConfig": {
        "defaults": {
          "color": {
            "mode": "palette-classic"
          },
          "custom": {
            "axisBorderShow": false,
            "axisCenteredZero": false,
            "axisColorMode": "text",
            "axisLabel": "",
            "axisPlacement": "auto",
            "barAlignment": 0,
            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
            "drawStyle": "line",
            "fillOpacity": 0,
            "gradientMode": "none",
            "hideFrom": {
              "legend": false,
              "tooltip": false,
              "viz": false
            },
            "insertNulls": false,
            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
            "lineWidth": 1,
            "pointSize": 5,
            "scaleDistribution": {
              "type": "linear"
            },
            "showPoints": "auto",
            "spanNulls": false,
            "stacking": {
              "group": "A",
              "mode": "none"
            },
            "thresholdsStyle": {
              "mode": "off"
            }
          },
          "mappings": [],
          "thresholds": {
            "mode": "absolute",
            "steps": [
              {
                "color": "green"
              },
              {
                "color": "red",
                "value": 80
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "overrides": []
      },
      "gridPos": {
        "h": 8,
        "w": 12,
        "x": 0,
        "y": 18
      },
      "id": 3,
      "options": {
        "legend": {
          "calcs": [],
          "displayMode": "list",
          "placement": "bottom",
          "showLegend": true
        },
        "tooltip": {
          "hideZeros": false,
          "mode": "single",
          "sort": "none"
        }
      },
      "pluginVersion": "11.6.0",
      "targets": [
        {
          "editorMode": "code",
          "expr": "(node_filesystem_size_bytes - node_filesystem_free_bytes) / node_filesystem_size_bytes{mountpoint=\"/\"} * 100",
          "legendFormat": "__auto",
          "range": true,
          "refId": "A"
        }
      ],
      "title": "节点硬盘使用率",
      "type": "timeseries"
    },
    {
      "datasource": {
        "type": "prometheus",
        "uid": "P1809F7CD0C75ACF3"
      },
      "fieldConfig": {
        "defaults": {
          "color": {
            "mode": "palette-classic"
          },
          "custom": {
            "axisBorderShow": false,
            "axisCenteredZero": false,
            "axisColorMode": "text",
            "axisLabel": "",
            "axisPlacement": "auto",
            "barAlignment": 0,
            "barWidthFactor": 0.6,
            "drawStyle": "line",
            "fillOpacity": 0,
            "gradientMode": "none",
            "hideFrom": {
              "legend": false,
              "tooltip": false,
              "viz": false
            },
            "insertNulls": false,
            "lineInterpolation": "linear",
            "lineWidth": 1,
            "pointSize": 5,
            "scaleDistribution": {
              "type": "linear"
            },
            "showPoints": "auto",
            "spanNulls": false,
            "stacking": {
              "group": "A",
              "mode": "none"
            },
            "thresholdsStyle": {
              "mode": "off"
            }
          },
          "mappings": [],
          "thresholds": {
            "mode": "absolute",
            "steps": [
              {
                "color": "green"
              },
              {
                "color": "red",
                "value": 80
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "overrides": []
      },
      "gridPos": {
        "h": 8,
        "w": 12,
        "x": 12,
        "y": 18
      },
      "id": 4,
      "options": {
        "legend": {
          "calcs": [],
          "displayMode": "list",
          "placement": "bottom",
          "showLegend": true
        },
        "tooltip": {
          "hideZeros": false,
          "mode": "single",
          "sort": "none"
        }
      },
      "pluginVersion": "11.6.0",
      "targets": [
        {
          "disableTextWrap": false,
          "editorMode": "code",
          "expr": "kube_deployment_spec_replicas/kube_deployment_status_replicas",
          "fullMetaSearch": false,
          "includeNullMetadata": true,
          "legendFormat": "__auto",
          "range": true,
          "refId": "A",
          "useBackend": false
        }
      ],
      "title": "deployment副本状态",
      "type": "timeseries"
    }
  ],
  "preload": false,
  "schemaVersion": 41,
  "tags": [],
  "templating": {
    "list": []
  },
  "time": {
    "from": "2025-04-25T00:32:42.517Z",
    "to": "2025-04-25T02:02:01.637Z"
  },
  "timepicker": {},
  "timezone": "UTC",
  "title": "DIY",
  "uid": "bejxmu93y718ga",
  "version": 14
}

4. 创建自定义告警规则

Kube-Prometheus 允许用户定义告警规则。例如，创建一个针对高 CPU 负载的告警：

yaml

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groups:
- name: cpu_alerts
  rules:
  - alert: HighCPUUsage
    expr: instance:node_cpu_utilisation:rate5m > 0.85
    for: 2m
    labels:
      severity: critical
    annotations:
      summary: "CPU 使用率过高"

然后应用规则：

bash

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kubectl apply -f alert-rules.yaml

5. 总结

使用 Kube-Prometheus 搭建 Kubernetes 可观测平台，可以帮助团队实时监控集群状态，并在异常情况下及时响应。通过 Prometheus 采集指标、Alertmanager 处理告警，Grafana 提供数据可视化，整个系统为 Kubernetes 提供了高效的监控能力。